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The M1 helmet is a combat helmet that was used by the U. military from World War II untilwhen it was succeeded by the PASGT helmet. The M1 helmet has become an icon of the US military, with its design inspiring other militaries around the world. At the entry of the United States into World War Ithe US military was without a combat helmet ; initially US troops arriving in Europe were issued with British Mk I Brodie helmetsand those integrated with French units were given French M15 Adrian helmets.
The United States quickly commenced manufacture of a version of the Mk I, designated the Mproducing some 2, by the end of hostilities. Between anda number of new designs dating m1 steel helmets helmets were tested by the Infantry Board in comparative trials along with the M and helmets of other armies.
One of those designs, the Helmet Number 5A, was selected for further study. Further ballistic tests at the Aberdeen Proving Ground resulted in the decision to retain the M in[4] which was then given a redesigned leather cradle and designated the MA1 [7] or "Kelly" helmet.
Inwith World War II raging on in Europe and Asia, it seemed likely that the United States might soon be at war again. The Infantry Board resurrected the quest to find a better type of helmet, since the ongoing conflict had shown dating m1 steel helmets the M, designed to protect men standing in trenches from falling shell splinters and shrapnel, would be inadequate on the modern battlefield.
The board reported:. Research indicates that the ideal shaped helmet is one with a dome-shaped top and generally following the contour of the head, allowing sufficient uniform headspace for indentations, extending down in the front to cover the forehead without impairing necessary vision, extending down on the sides as far as possible without interfering with the use of the rifle or other weapons, dating m1 steel helmets, extending down the back of the head as far as possible without permitting the back of the neck to push the helmet forward dating m1 steel helmets the head when the wearer assumes the prone position, to have the frontal plate visor and to have the sides and rear slightly flanged outward to cause rain to clear the collar opening.
Accordingly, the board, under the direction of Brigadier General Courtney Hodges[10] took the M shell as the basis of the new prototype, trimmed off the brim and added a visor and skirt-like extensions to protect the back and sides of the wearer's head.
In tests, they were found to be able to resist a. The TS-3 was given official approval on June 6, and was designated "Helmet, Steel, dating m1 steel helmets, M1". Full scale production commenced almost immediately. Over 22 million U. M1 steel helmets were manufactured through September Further M1 helmets were manufactured for the Korean War.
Production continued during the Cold War era with periodic improvements; in a grommet in the front of the liner was deleted, in the liner construction was changed to laminated nylon and a new chinstrap design was introduced in The final contract for US M1 helmets was placed in Following World War II, the M1 helmet was widely adopted or copied by numerous other countries and its distinctive shape was adopted as the NATO standard.
Postwar analysis of wartime casualty figures by the US Army Operations Research Office found that 54 percent of hits to the M1 helmet failed to penetrate, and estimated that 70, men had been saved from death or injury by wearing it.
The M1 is a combination of two "one-size-fits-all" helmets—an outer metal shell, dating m1 steel helmets, sometimes called the "steel pot", and a hard hat —type liner nestled inside it featuring an adjustable suspension system. Helmet covers and netting would be applied by covering the steel shell with the extra material tucked inside the shell and secured by inserting the liner.
The outer shell should not be worn by itself. military ceremonies and parades, painted white or chromed. The non-magnetic Hadfield manganese steel for M1 helmet shells was smelted at the Carnegie Steel Company or the Sharon Steel Company of Pennsylvania. After being poured into fifteen-ton ingots also called "heats"the steel was divided into inch by inch by 4-inch blocks, known as "lifts," which were then cut into three equal inch pieces to make them easier to handle.
The cut lifts were sent to the Gary Works in Gary, Indiana for further processing, after which they were each reduced into inch by inch by 0. The helmet discs were oiled and banded into lots of for delivery by rail to McCord or Schlueter for pressing and final assembly. Each "heat" of steel was assigned a unique number by the smelter, as was each of its "lifts.
This unique "lot and lift" number was stamped onto each helmet produced from the dating m1 steel helmets of a particular lift, and allowed for traceability in case the helmets exhibited defects.
The "lot and lift" number is in reference to the time when the fabricator received the helmet discs, not when they were made into finished helmets. Lifts of heats were not loaded onto or unloaded from railcars in any particular order, and were often warehoused also in no particular order before being finished.
The helmet discs dating m1 steel helmets drawn to a depth of seven inches to create the rough helmet shape, or "shell," and the edges were trimmed. The edge of the shell has a crimped metal rim running around it, which provides a smooth edge.
This is usually known as the "rim". The rim has a seam where the ends of the strip meet. On the earliest shells the seam met at the front. This was moved to the back of the rim in November [21] At this time, the rim also went from being made of stainless steel to manganese steel. On each side of the shell, there are stainless steel loops for the chinstrap. Early World War II production shells had fixed, rectangular loops, and mid-war to s helmets feature movable rectangular loops.
This feature was adopted in to address the problem that when earlier helmets were dropped, the fixed loops were more susceptible to breaking off. Early shells for paratrooper helmets feature fixed, D-shaped loops. The shells were then painted with flat olive drab paint, with the paint on the outside of the shell sprinkled with either finely ground cork World War II era or silica sand postwar.
World War II-production helmets feature sewn-on cotton web olive drab shade 3 chinstraps, replaced gradually throughout and with olive drab shade 7 chinstraps. Nylon chinstraps were introduced in the U. military in These straps featured a two-piece web chin cup and were fastened by a metal snap rather than buckle. Many soldiers wore the webbing chinstraps unfastened or looped around the back of the helmet and clipped together.
This practice arose for two reasons: First, because hand-to-hand combat was anticipated, and an enemy could be expected to attack from behind, reach over the helmet, grab its visor, and pull. If the chinstrap were worn, the head would be snapped back, causing the victim to lose balance, and leave the throat and stomach exposed to a knife thrust. Secondly, many men incorrectly believed that a nearby exploding bomb or artillery shell could cause the chinstrap to break their neck when the helmet was caught in its concussive force, although a replacement buckle, the T1 pressure-release buckle, was manufactured that allowed the chinstrap to release automatically should this occur.
In place of the chinstrap, the nape strap inside the liner was counted on to provide sufficient contact to keep the helmet from easily falling off the wearer's head. The design of the bowl-like shell led to some novel uses: When separated from the liner, the shell could be used as an entrenching toola hammer, washbasin, bucket, dating m1 steel helmets, bowl, and as a seat.
The shell was also used as a cooking pot, but the practice was discouraged as it would make the metal alloy brittle. The liner is a hard hat-like support for the suspension, and is designed to fit snugly inside the steel shell, dating m1 steel helmets.
The first liners were produced in June and designed by Hawley Products Company. A sweatband is clipped onto these, and is adjusted to fit around the head of the wearer. Three triangular bands of rayon meet at the top of the helmet, where they were adjusted by a shoestring to fit the height and shape of the wearer's head. A snap-on nape strap cushioned the liner against the back of the wearer's neck and stops it from falling off. As the rayon had a tendency to stretch and not recover its shape, the suspension material was later changed to olive drab number 3, and then olive drab number 7, herringbone dating m1 steel helmets cotton webbing.
World War II and Korean War-era liners have their own chinstrap made from brown leather. The liner chinstrap does not have loops like the shell; it was either riveted directly to the inside of the liner early examples or snapped onto studs.
It can still swivel inside the dating m1 steel helmets. The chinstrap is usually seen looped over the brim of the shell, and helps to keep it in place when its own chinstraps are not in use, dating m1 steel helmets.
Early liners were made from a mix of compressed paper fibers impregnated with phenolic resinwith olive drab cotton twill fabric stretched over the outside. They were discontinued in November because they degraded quickly in high heat and high humidity environments. They were replaced by evolving plastic liners, dating m1 steel helmets, [24] using a process developed by the Inland Division of General Motors. These liners were made of strips of cotton cloth bathed in phenolic resin and draped in a star shape over a liner-shaped mold, where they were subjected to pressure to form a liner.
The initial "low pressure" process was deemed unacceptable by the Army, but accepted out of need. These liners were made by St. Clair Manufacturing and Hood Rubber Company. Hawley, Hood, and St. Clair's contracts were cancelled by earlywhen a "high pressure" process which produced better-quality liners became commercially viable.
Liners essentially identical in construction to "high pressure" World War II examples were produced between and during the Korean War dating m1 steel helmets the Micarta Division of Westinghouse and CAPAC Manufacturing, dating m1 steel helmets. In the s, the M1 helmet liner was redesigned, dating m1 steel helmets, eliminating the leather chinstrap, nape strap, and changing the suspension webbing to a pattern resembling an asterisk in a coarse cotton web material in lieu of the earlier cotton herringbone twill.
In the early s, suspension materials changed to a thicker, more flexible nylon with a rougher unbeveled rim. Later changes included a dating m1 steel helmets to a yellow and green material for liner construction. M1 helmet liners intended for use by paratroopers had a different construction, dating m1 steel helmets. The short piece of webbing which held the nape strap at the back of the wearer's neck was extended around the sides of the liner, and terminated on each side in "A" shaped yokes which hung down below the rim of the liner and had buckles for an adjustable chin cup made of molded leather.
Two female snaps on the inside of the liner above the "A" yokes accepted male snaps on each of the steel shell's chinstraps, and helped to keep the liner inside the steel shell during abrupt or violent movements, dating m1 steel helmets.
In latethe United States Marine Corps used a cloth helmet cover with a camouflage pattern for its helmets. The cover was made from cotton herringbone twill fabric. It had a " forest green " pattern on one side and a "brown coral island" pattern on the other. The United States Army often utilized nets to reduce the helmets' shine when wet and to allow burlap scrim or vegetation to be added for camouflage purposes.
Most nets were acquired from British or Canadian Army stocks or cut from larger camouflage nets. The Army did not adopt an official issue net until the "Net, Helmet, with Band" that included an elastic neoprene band to keep it in place.
After World War II, no new covers were issued and at the start of the Korean War, many soldiers had dating m1 steel helmets improvise covers from burlap sandbags or parachute fabric. a consignment ofolive drab covers was dispatched to the theater, but the ship carrying them, Dating m1 steel helmets Jacob Luckenbachsank in a collision en route and they were all lost.
In thethe Army and Marine Corps adopted a reversible fabric cover called the Mitchel Pattern, with a leafy green pattern on one side and orange and brown cloud pattern on the other. In Vietnam, the green portion of the reversible fabric camouflage was normally worn outermost.
Helmet covers in the European woodland dating m1 steel helmetswere designed for fighting in the European Theater of Dating m1 steel helmets NATOand became the post-Vietnam jungle pattern camouflage cover used by the US military from the late s onward.
The European Woodland pattern was not reversible; they were only printed on one side, though some rare desert camouflage examples do exist. These covers were all constructed from two semi-circular pieces of cloth stitched together to form a dome-like shape conforming to the helmet's shape.
They were secured to the helmet by folding their open ends into the steel pot, and then placing the liner inside, trapping the cloth between the pot and the liner. An olive green elastic band, intended to hold additional camouflage materials, was often worn around the helmet to further hold the cover in place. Other armies used these or similar covers printed with different camouflage patterns, or employed entirely different methods.
Nasal helmet - Wikipedia
Although the cast net does not go back in history as far as the seine, the cast net has been around for thousands of years. Complete cast nets have been found in Egyptian tombs dating to before 1, B.C. Until about the second century A.D. cast nets were made of linen Get high-quality papers at affordable prices. With Solution Essays, you can get high-quality essays at a lower price. This might seem impossible but with our highly skilled professional writers all your custom essays, book reviews, research papers and other custom tasks you order with us will be of high quality The M1 is a combination of two "one-size-fits-all" helmets—an outer metal shell, sometimes called the "steel pot", and a hard hat–type liner nestled inside it featuring an adjustable suspension system. Helmet covers and netting would be applied by covering the steel shell with the extra material tucked inside the shell and secured by inserting the liner
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